Mormo, uma zoonose reemergente: aspectos gerais e principais ferramentas de diagnóstico / Glanders, a re-emerging zoonosis: general aspects and main diagnostic tools

Authors

  • Igor Rosa Meurer

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv4n6-479

Keywords:

Mormo, Burkholderia mallei, Zoonose, Diagnóstico, Saúde pública.

Abstract

O mormo é uma zoonose reemergente causada pelo patógeno Burkholderia mallei, uma bactéria intracelular facultativa que apresenta alto potencial de disseminação. Essa doença acomete principalmente os cavalos, os burros, as mulas, e com menor frequência os seres humanos. Em geral, a transmissão pode ocorrer por inoculação cutânea, por inalação ou por contato direto com animais infectados. As infecções podem variar de agudas a crônicas e apresentar um amplo espectro de manifestações, desde casos assintomáticos até complicações graves e fatais. O mormo é uma doença negligenciada e subnotificada em várias partes do mundo. O desenvolvimento de pesquisas sobre a soroprevalência dessa zoonose em animais e humanos são fundamentais para que políticas públicas de saúde sejam realizadas de forma eficaz pelos órgãos competentes locais visando a erradicação dessa doença. O diagnóstico do mormo pode ser realizado por várias metodologias diferentes, porém, recomenda-se a utilização de métodos rápidos, sensíveis e específicos. Nesse contexto, os métodos moleculares de PCR e LAMP aparecem como ótimas opções. Por fim, é fundamental que os setores de saúde animal e humana atuem de forma conjunta no enfrentamento dessa zoonose numa perspectiva de saúde única (One Health). Além disso, maior divulgação e conscientização sobre a ocorrência do mormo no Brasil e no mundo contribuirão para que medidas de prevenção, controle e investigação possam ser realizadas, reduzindo assim, os prejuízos causados por essa doença.

References

ABREU, D. C.; GOMES, A. S.; TESSLER, D. K.; CHIEBAO, D. P.; FAVA, C. D.; ROMALDINI, A. et al. Systematic monitoring of glanders-infected horses by complement fixation test, bacterial isolation, and PCR. Veterinary and Animal Science, v. 10, p. 1-5, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100147

AL-ANI, F. K.; ROBERSON, J. Glanders in horses: a review of the literature. Veterinarski Arhiv, v. 77, p. 203-218, 2007.

BURNS, J. L.; JONAS, M.; CHI, E. Y.; CLARK, D. K.; BERGER, A.; GRIFFITH, A. Invasion of respiratory epithelial cells by Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia. Infection and Immunity, v. 64, n. 10, p. 4054-4059, 1996. DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.10.4054-4059.1996

DANCE, D. A. B. Melioidosis. Reviews in Medical Microbiology, v. 1, p. 143-150, 1990.

DAS, A. C.; RAHMAN, A. K. M. A.; TITHY, N. S.; MARUF, A. A.; BHATTACHARJEE, P. K.; SINGHA, H. et al. Sero-surveillance and risk factors of Burkholderia mallei infection in indigenous horses of Bangladesh with a brief review on validation of serodiagnosis. Journal of Veterinary Medical and One Health Research, v. 2, n. 1, p. 63-80, 2020. DOI: 10.36111/jvmohr.2020.2(1).0017

DVORAK, G. D.; SPICKLER, A. R. Glanders. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v. 233, n. 4, p. 570-577, 2008. DOI: 10.2460/javma.233.4.570

DYKE, J. S.; HUERTAS-DIAZ, M. C.; MICHEL, F.; HOLLADAY, N. E.; HOGAN, R. J.; HE, B.; LAFONTAINE, E. R. The Peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein Pal contributes to the virulence of Burkholderia mallei and provides protection against lethal aerosol challenge. Virulence, v. 11, n. 1, p. 1024-1040, 2020. DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1804275

ELSCHNER, M. C.; KLAUS, C. U.; LIEBLER-TENORIO, E.; SCHMOOCK, G.; WOHLSEIN, P.; TINSCHMANN, O. et al. Burkholderia mallei infection in a horse imported from Brazil. Equine Veterinary Education, v. 21, n. 3, p. 147-150, 2009. DOI: 10.2746/095777309X401071

ELSCHNER, M. C.; LAROUCAU, K.; SINGHA, H.; TRIPATHI, B. N.; SAQIB, M.; GARDNER, I. et al. Evaluation of the comparative accuracy of the complement fixation test, Western blot and five enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for serodiagnosis of glanders. PloS One, v. 14, n. 4, p. 1-12, 2019. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214963

ERDEMSURAKH, O.; OCHIRBAT, K.; GOMBOSUREN, U.; TSERENDORJ, B.; PUREVDORJ, B.; VANAABAATAR, B. et al. Seroprevalence of equine glanders in horses in the central and eastern parts of Mongolia. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, v. 82, n. 9, p. 1247-1252, 2020. DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0219

FALCÃO, M.; SILVEIRA, P.; SANTANA, V.; ROCHA, L. O.; CHAVES, K. P.; MOTA, R. A. First record of Burkholderia mallei Turkey 10 strain originating from glanderous horses from Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, v. 50, n. 4, p. 1125-1127, 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00113-2

FONSECA-RODRÍGUEZ, O.; JÚNIOR, J. W. P.; MOTA, R. A. Spatiotemporal analysis of glanders in Brazil. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, v. 78, p. 14-19, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.03.216

GHORI, M. T.; KHAN, M. S.; KHAN, J. A.; RABBANI, M.; SHABBIR, M. Z.; CHAUDHRY, H. R. et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors of glanders in working equines - Findings of a cross-sectional study in Punjab province of Pakistan. Acta Tropica, v. 176, p. 134-139, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.07.031

GLASS, M. B.; GEE, J. E.; STEIGERWALT, A. G.; CAVUOTI, D.; BARTON, T.; HARDY, R. D. et al. Pneumonia and septicemia caused by Burkholderia thailandensis in the United States. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v. 44, n. 12, p. 4601-4604, 2006. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01585-06

HORNSTRA, H.; PEARSON, T.; GEORGIA, S.; LIGUORI, A.; DALE, J.; PRICE, E. et al. Molecular epidemiology of glanders, Pakistan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, v. 15, n. 12, p. 2036-2039, 2009. DOI: 10.3201/eid1512.090738

HUSSEIN, Z. S. Detection of Glanders in horses of eight Iraqi provinces by ELISA. Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences, v. 11, n. 1, p. 21-25, 2018.

JÚNIOR, A. A. F.; PINTO, C. A.; ALENCAR, C.; BUENO, B. L.; REIS, J.; FILHO, M. B. C. Validation of three qPCR for the detection of Burkholderia mallei in equine tissue samples. Archives of Microbiology, v. 203, n. 7, p. 3965-3971, 2021. DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02367-7

JÚNIOR, E. L. S.; MOURA, J. C. R.; PROTÁSIO, B. K. P. F.; PARENTE, V. A. S.; VEIGA, M. H. N. D. Clinical repercussions of Glanders (Burkholderia mallei infection) in a Brazilian child: a case report. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, v. 53, p. 1-3, 2020. DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0054-2020

KARIMI, A.; MOSAVARI, N. Development of Rose Bengal test against mallein test for rapid diagnosis of equine glanders. Tropical Animal Health and Production, v. 51, n. 7, p. 1969-1974, 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01890-6

KETTLE, A. N.; WERNERY, U. Glanders and the risk for its introduction through the international movement of horses. Equine Veterinary Journal, v. 48, p. 5, p. 654-658, 2016. DOI: 10.1111/evj.12599

KHAKHUM, N.; BHARAJ, P.; MYERS, J. N.; TAPIA, D.; WALKER, D. H.; ENDSLEY, J. J.; TORRES, A. G. Evaluation of Burkholderia mallei ΔtonB Δhcp1 (CLH001) as a live attenuated vaccine in murine models of glanders and melioidosis. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, v. 13, n. 7, p. 1-18, 2019. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007578

KHAN, I.; WIELER, L. H.; MELZER, F.; ELSCHNER, M. C.; MUHAMMAD, G.; ALI, S. et al. Glanders in animals: a review on epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and countermeasures. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, v. 60, n. 3, p. 1-18, 2012. DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01342.x

LAROUCAU, K.; SANTANA, V. L. A.; GIRAULT, G.; MARTIN, B.; SILVEIRA, P. P. M.; MACHADO, M. B.; et al. First molecular characterisation of a Brazilian Burkholderia mallei strain isolated from a mule in 2016. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, v. 57, n. 117-120, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.11.014

LAROUCAU, K.; AAZIZ, R.; VORIMORE, F.; VARGHESE, K.; DESHAYES, T.; BERTIN, C. et al. A genetic variant of Burkholderia mallei detected in Kuwait: Consequences for the PCR diagnosis of glanders. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, v. 68, n. 2, p. 960-963, 2021. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13777

MALIK, P.; SINGHA, H.; GOYAL, S. K.; KHURANA, S. K.; TRIPATHI, B. N.; DUTT, A. et al. Incidence of Burkholderia mallei infection among indigenous equines in India. Veterinary Record Open, v. 2, n. 2, p. 1-7. 2015. DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2015-000129

MERWYN, S.; KUMAR, S.; AGARWAL, G. S.; RAI, G. P. Evaluation of PCR, DNA hybridization and immunomagnetic separation - PCR for detection of Burkholderia mallei in artificially inoculated environmental samples. Indian Journal of Microbiology, v. 50, n. 2, p. 172-178, 2010. DOI: 10.1007/s12088-010-0003-3

NOTOMI, T.; OKAYAMA, H.; MASUBUCHI, H.; YONEKAWA, T.; WATANABE, K.; AMINO, N.; HASE, T. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA. Nucleic Acids Research, v. 28, n. 12, p. e63, 2000. DOI: 10.1093/nar/28.12.e63

PAL, V.; KUMAR, S.; MALIK, P.; RAI, G. P. Evaluation of recombinant proteins of Burkholderia mallei for serodiagnosis of glanders. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, v. 19, n. 8, p. 1193-1198, 2012. DOI: 10.1128/CVI.00137-12

SAQIB, M.; MUHAMMAD, G.; NAUREEN, A.; HUSSAIN, M. H.; ASI, M. N.; MANSOOR, M. K. et al. Effectiveness of an antimicrobial treatment scheme in a confined glanders outbreak. BMC Veterinary Research, v. 8, p. 1-11, 2012. DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-214

SAXENA, A.; PAL, V.; TRIPATHI, N. K.; GOEL, A. K. A real-time loop mediated isothermal amplification assay for molecular detection of Burkholderia mallei, the aetiological agent of a zoonotic and re-emerging disease glanders. Acta Tropica, v. 194, p. 189-194, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.04.004

SCHOLZ, H. C.; JOSEPH, M.; TOMASO, H.; AL DAHOUK, S.; WITTE, A.; KINNE, J. et al. Detection of the reemerging agent Burkholderia mallei in a recent outbreak of glanders in the United Arab Emirates by a newly developed fliP-based polymerase chain reaction assay. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, v. 54, p. 241-247, 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2005.09.018

SINGHA, H.; MALIK, P.; GOYAL, S. K.; KHURANA, S. K.; MUKHOPADHYAY, C.; ESHWARA, V. K.; SINGH, R. K. Optimization and validation of indirect ELISA using truncated TssB protein for the serodiagnosis of glanders amongst equines. The Scientific World Journal, v. 2014, p. 1-7, 2014. DOI: 10.1155/2014/469407

SINGHA, H.; SHANMUGASUNDARAM, K.; TRIPATHI, B. N.; SAINI, S.; KHURANA, S. K.; KANANI, A. et al. Serological surveillance and clinical investigation of glanders among indigenous equines in India from 2015 to 2018. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, v. 67, n. 3, p. 1336-1348, 2020a. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13475

SINGHA, H.; SHANMUGASUNDARAM, K.; SAINI, S.; TRIPATHI, B. N. Serological Survey of Humans Exposed to Burkholderia mallei-Infected Equids: A Public Health Approach. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, v. 32, n. 5, p. 274-277, 2020b. DOI: 10.1177/1010539520930500

TAPIA, D.; SANCHEZ-VILLAMIL, J. I.; TORRES, A. G. Emerging Role of Biologics for the Treatment of Melioidosis and Glanders. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, v. 19, n. 12, p. 1319-1332, 2019. DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1677602

VAN ZANDT, K. E.; GREER, M. T.; GELHAUS, H. C. Glanders: an overview of infection in humans. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, v. 8, p. 1-7, 2013. DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-131

WANG, G.; ZARODKIEWICZ, P.; VALVANO, M. A. Current Advances in Burkholderia Vaccines Development. Cells, v. 9, n. 12, p. 1-22, 2020. DOI: 10.3390/cells9122671

WERNERY, U.; WERNERY, R.; JOSEPH, M.; AL-SALLOOM, F.; JOHNSON, B.; KINNE, J. et al. Natural Burkholderia mallei infection in dromedary, Bahrain. Emerging Infectious Diseases, v. 17, n. 7, p. 1277-1279, 2011. DOI: 10.3201/eid1707.110222

WHITLOCK, G. C.; ESTES, D. M.; TORRES, A. G. Glanders: off to the races with Burkholderia mallei. FEMS Microbiology Letters, v. 277, n. 2, p. 115-122, 2007. DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00949.x

YABUUCHI, E.; KOSAKO, Y.; OYAIZU, H.; YANO, I.; HOTTA, H.; HASHIMOTO, Y., et al. Proposal of Burkholderia gen. nov. and transfer of seven species of the genus Pseudomonas homology group II to the new genus, with the type species Burkholderia cepacia (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) comb. nov. Microbiology and Immunology, v. 36, n. 12, p. 1251-1275, 1992. DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02129.x

YINGST, S. L.; FACEMIRE, P.; CHUVALA, L.; NORWOOD, D.; WOLCOTT, M.; HUZELLA, L. Pathological findings and diagnostic implications of a rhesus macaque (Macacca mulatta) model of aerosol exposure to Burkholderia mallei (glanders). Journal of Medical Microbiology, v. 64, n. 6, p. 646–653, 2015. DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000065

Published

2022-01-02

How to Cite

MEURER, I. R. Mormo, uma zoonose reemergente: aspectos gerais e principais ferramentas de diagnóstico / Glanders, a re-emerging zoonosis: general aspects and main diagnostic tools. Brazilian Journal of Health Review, [S. l.], v. 4, n. 6, p. 29533–29550, 2022. DOI: 10.34119/bjhrv4n6-479. Disponível em: https://ojs.brazilianjournals.com.br/ojs/index.php/BJHR/article/view/42151. Acesso em: 28 mar. 2024.

Issue

Section

Original Papers